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Dr. Simon DennisBVetMed, MVM, DECVIM (Cardiology) The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)Most veterinarians familiar with the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure will be familiar with the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS).  The RAAS is activated in congestive heart failure, particularly when Furosemide (Lasix) is started.  While the short-term effects of RAAS activation are beneficial to cardiovascular homeostasis, the chronic…

Dr. Simon Dennis​BVetMed, MVM, DECVIM (Cardiology) This article will describe the ACVIM staging system for chronic degenerative valvular disease in dogs and how to diagnose each stage, with emphasis on left-sided congestive heart failure.  It will set the scene for subsequent articles that will discuss the management of disease in each stage.    Chronic degenerative valvular…

Dr. Simon Dennis​BVetMed, MVM, DECVIM (Cardiology) This article is a follow-up to Updates on Treating Congestive Heart Failure, Part 2:  Guidelines for Diagnosing Congestive Heart Failure in Dogs with Chronic Degenerative Valvular Disease.  In this article, I will discuss treatment of dogs with ACVIM stages B and C disease, starting with pathophysiology of the disease,…